MERGER DAN AKUISISI LINTAS BATAS NEGARA

Isil Erel, Rose C. Liao dan Michael S. Weisbach, menyebutkan dalam artikel di The Journal of Finance berjudul “Determinants of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions” bahwa. cross border acquisition, atau pengambilalihan (akuisisi) lintas negara, sebenarnya tidak berbeda dengan pengambilalihan secara domestik.

Perbedaannya, jelas Isil et al, hanya kepada sifat lintas negara dari cross border acquisition, yaitu pengambilalihan suatu badan usaha di suatu negara yang dilakukan oleh suatu badan usaha di negara lainnya.Misalnya, PT. XYZ dari Indonesia mengambilalih PT. ABC dari Malaysia.

Berdasarkan definisi tersebut, cross border acquisition dapat dilakukan oleh: 1) badan usaha di dalam negeri (mengambil alih badan usaha di luar negeri); atau 2) badan usaha di luar negeri (mengambil alih badan usaha di dalam negeri).

Tindakan cross border acquisition oleh suatu badan usaha di dalam negeri terhadap suatu badan usaha di luar negeri tunduk pada hukum negara yang menjadi domisili badan usaha yang diambilalih, karena tindakancross border acquisition tersebut dilakukan di luar yurisdiksi Indonesia.

Sehingga, menurut kami, tidak terdapat pengaturan untuk badan usaha negara di dalam negeri dalam melakukan cross border acquisition karena tindakan cross border acquisition dilakukan di luar yurisdiksi Indonesia.

Badan usaha di Indonesia yang melakukan cross-border acquisition akan mengikuti pengaturan mengenai pengambilalihan di negara terkait.

Sedangkan, untuk cross border acquisition yang dilakukan oleh badan usaha di luar negeri tunduk pada ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai pengambilalihan dalam peraturan-peraturan sebagai berikut:

a.    Peraturan Pemerintah No. 27 Tahun 1998 tentang Penggabungan, Peleburan dan Pengambilalihan Perseroan Terbatas;

b.    Peraturan Pemerintah No. 57 Tahun 2010 tentang Penggabungan atau Peleburan Badan Usaha dan Pengambilalihan Saham Perusahaan yang Dapat Mengakibatkan Terjadinya Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.

Selain itu, badan usaha di luar negeri hanya dapat melakukan pengambilalihan terhadap badan usaha di dalam negeri yang berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas, karena Pasal 5 ayat (2) Undang-undang No. 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal mewajibkan penanam modal asing berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas berdasarkan hukum Indonesia dan berkedudukan di dalam wilayah negara Indonesia.

Penanaman modal asing dilakukan dengan membeli saham suatu Perseroan Terbatas yang menjadi cara untuk mengambilalih suatu Perseroan Terbatas berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka (11) Undang-undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas.

Selebihnya, contoh yang Anda sampaikan adalah akuisisi anak-anak perusahaan Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, yaitu: Anadarko Ambalat Limited, Anadarko Bukat Limited, dan Anadarko Indonesian Nunukan Company oleh PT. Pertamina (Persero) melalui Pertamina Hulu Energi pada tanggal 10 Desember 2012 (lihat artikel Pertamina jadi operator Blok Nunukan yang dimuat laman antaranews.com) .

Bentuk perusahaan dari anak-anak perusahaan Anadarko Petroleum Corporation tersebut di atas berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas, sehingga dapat diakuisisi oleh PT. Pertamina berdasarkan Pasal 63 ayat (2) Undang-Undang No. 19 Tahun 2003 tentang Badan Usaha Milik Negara yang menyatakan bahwa suatu BUMN dapat mengambil alih BUMN dan/atau perseroan terbatas lainnya.”

http://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt512d6d4432233/akuisisi-perusahaan-lintas-negara-%28cross-border-acquisition%29

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ACTIVE and PASSIVE

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months

Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice

Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.

Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.

Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).

Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.

Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

1. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

Active : He meets them everyday.

Passive : They are met by him everyday.

Active : She waters this plant every two days.

Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.

2. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

Active : He met them yesterday

Passive : They were met by him yesterday

Active : She watered this plant this morning

Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

3.  Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

Active : He has met them

Passive : They have been met by him

Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.

Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

4.  Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

Active : He had met them before I came.

Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here

Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

5.  Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

Active : He will meet them tomorrow.

Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.

Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.

Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week

Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

6. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.

Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.

Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

7.  Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

Active : He would have met them.

Passive : They would have been met by him.

Active : She would have watered this plant.

Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.

8.  Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

Active : He is meeting them now.

Passive : They are being met by him now.

Active : She is watering this plant now.

Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.

9.  Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

Active : He was meeting them.

Passive : They were being met by him.

Active : She was watering this plant.

Passive : This plant was being watered by her.

10.  Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He has been meeting them.

Passive : They have been being met by him.

Active : She has been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.

11.  Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He had been meeting them.

Passive : They had been being met by him.

Active : She had been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.

12.  Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

Active : He will be meeting them.

Passive : They will be being met by him.

Active : She will be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

13.  Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

14.  Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He will have been meeting them.

Passive : They will have been being met by him.

Active : She will have been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

15.  Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

PASSIVE VERB FORMS

Change the verb to the active voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same tense. In some cases, it will be necessary to supply a subject (see the second example).

1.       The books were taken by John.

John took the books.

2.       The boxes were mailed today.

He mailed the boxes today.

3.       The two packages were opened by my secretary.

My secretary opened the two packages.

4.       Our homework is corrected by our teacher.

Our teacher corrects our homework.

5.       Two buildings have been constructed by that company.

That company had constructed two buildings.

6.       That room wasn’t cleaned carefully yesterday.

He didn’t clean that room carefully yesterday.

7.       The truck is being loaded by the men now.

The men are loading the truck now.

8.       Was that machine checked by the inspector?

Did the inspector check that machine?

9.       Will that report be written by the same committee?

Will the same committee write that report?

10.   Has the news been announced by the president yet?

Has the president announced the news yet?

11.   The mail is delivered to this office twice a day.

This office receives the mail twice a day.

12.   All of us were surprised by his frank attitude.

His frank attitude surprised all of us.

13.   Was the repair work done by the mechanic?

Did the mechanic do the repair work?

14.   He wasn’t very much respected by the employees.

The employees didn’t respect him very much.

15.   Are many courses in English given during the summer?

Are they giving many courses in English during the summer?

USING PASSIVE VERBS

Change the verb to the passive voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same tense.

1.       He signed the letter.

The letter was signed by him.

2.       The secretary opens the mail every morning.

The mails is opened by the secretary every morning.

3.       The committee is considering that proposal right now.

That proposal is being considered by the committee right now.

4.       The army will complete that project next year.

That project will be completed by the army next year.

5.       His boss has transferred him to another department.

He has been transferred to another department by his boss.

6.       Will the company distribute the announcements?

Will the announcements be distributed by the company?

7.        An artist wrote that interesting article about Paris.

That interesting article about Paris was written by an artist.

8.       Today a large number of people speak English.

English is spoken by a large number of people today.

9.       Didn’t they return those books to the library?

Were those books not return by them to the library?

10.   The government has not changed that regulation yet.

That regulation has not been changed by the government yet.

11.   Someone stole all her valuable jewelry last night.

All her valuable jewelry were stolen by someone last night.

12.   Miss Peters wrote all of the reports for Mr. Johnson.

All of the reports were written my Miss Peters for Mr. Johnson.

13.   Bad weather has delayed Flight 202 from Miami.

Flight 202 from Miami has been delayed due to bad weather.

14.   Did the court divide the money among the children?

Were the money divided by the court among the children?

15.   Many scholars have translated that famous Greek epic.

That famous Greek epic has been translated by many scholars.

ACTIVE vs PASSIVE

Use the correct voice (active or passive) and the correct tense of verb in each sentence.

1.       Everyone (shock) by the terrible news yesterday.

 Active  : The terrible news was shocked everyone yesterday.

2.       Almost everyone (enjoy) the lecture last night.

Passive : The lecture was enjoyed by almost everyone last night.

3.       English (teach) in the schools of almost every nation.

Active   : English taught in the schools of almost every nation.

4.       That proposal (consider) by the members right now.

Passive : That proposal is considering by the members right now.

5.       The accident (happen) right here at 6:30 last night.

Active   : The accident happened right here at 6:30 last night.

6.       Smith (teach) at the University of Washington since 1948.

Active   : Smith has taught at the University of Washington since 1948.

7.       Mr. Harris (divide) the class into two sections tomorrow.

Passive : The class will be divided into two sections by Mr. Harris tomorrow.

8.       Wilson (borrow) the money from Brown two weeks ago.

Active   : Wilson borrowed the money from Brown two weeks ago.

9.       Not much (say) about the matter since that time.

Active   : Not much said about the matter since that time.

10.   My friend (write) to me about it several times now.

Active   : My friend is writing to me about it several times now.

11.   Davis (promote) to the rank of sergeant last week.

Active   : Davis was promoted to the rank of sergeant last week.

12.   That event (occur) shortly after the meeting last week.

Active   : That event occurred shortly after the meeting last week.

13.   All the students (bring) guests to the party tomorrow night.

Passive : Guests will be brought by all the students to the party tomorrow night.

14.   Less than half of the cans of paint (use) up to now.

Passive : The cans of paint is being used less than half up to now.

15.   More classes in English (list) in the catalog next fall.

Passive : The catalog will be listed more classes in English next fall.

16.   Everything (go) well so far. There (be) no trouble yet.

Active   : Everything is going well so far. There is no trouble yet.

17.   That movie about Napoleon’s life (disappoint) me greatly.

Active   : That movie about Napoleon’s life disappointed me greatly.

18.   The mail (deliver, always) to this office before 10 a.m.

Active   : The mail is always deliver to this office before 10 a.m.

19.   Who (furnish) the food for the picnic next weekend?

Active   : Who will furnish the food for the picnic next weekend?

20.   At this time, much attention (devote) to that problem.

Active   : At this time, much attention is devoting to that problem.

21.   Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) his name.

Active   : Think carefully. I’m sure you remember his name.

22.   We (treat) very kindly by our hosts last Saturday.

Active   : Our hosts were treated us very kindly last Saturday.

23.   Mr. Wilson (make) something interesting statements yesterday.

Passive : Something interesting statements were made by Mr. Wilson yesterday.

24.   A new textbook (publish) by that company next year.

Active   : That company will publish a new textbook next year.

25.   The noise from the trains (annoy) me terribly last night.

Active   : The noise from the trains annoyed me terribly last night.

26.   That old red house (build) in the year 1822.

Active   : That old red house was built in the year 1822.

27.   The report (examine, not) by a committee of experts yet.

Active   : A committee of expert has not examine the report yet.

28.   Cocktails (serve) to the guests about 10 minutes from now.

Passive : Cocktails will be served to the guests about 10 minutes from now.

29.   His sharp remarks (embarrass) everyone last night.

Active   : His sharp remarks embarrassed everyone last night.

30.    Fred (introduce) to the fellow by Mr. Brown yesterday.

Active   : Mr. Brown introduced Fred to the fellow yesterday.

31.   Listen to this! I think this news (surprise) you!

Active   : Listen to this! I think this news will surprise you!

32.   The Ajax Shoe Company (employ) 25 new men next month.

Active   : The Ajax Shoe Company will employ 25 new men next month.

33.   Only 25 new students (admit) into the department in 1955.

Active   : Only 25 new students were admitted into the department in 1955.

34.   A second coat of paint (spread) over that surface tomorrow.

Active   : A second coat of paint will spread over that surface tomorrow.

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Tugas Bahasa Inggris bisnis 2

Simple Present Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang berlangsung/terjadi pada waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana, kegiatan atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, kebiasaan sehari-hari, peristiwa atau perbuatan yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan waktu, dan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum.

Simple Present Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"

TO BE 1 terdiri dari: am, is, are (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

CATATAN:

DO dan DOES digunakan pada kalimat tanya.

DON'T (DO NOT) dan DOESN'T (DOES NOT) digunakan pada kalimat negatif.

TO BE 1 (am, is, are) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB)

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Contoh :

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

PENTING:

Hanya pada kalimat positif, untuk subject "He, She, It", penggunaan kata kerjanya (VERB) harus diakhiri dengan "s/es." Penambahan “s/es” pada kata kerja dasar (inifinitive) adalah sebagai berikut:

Pada umunya kata kerjanya langsung ditambah dengan akhiran “-s”, contohnya:

Work – Works

Write – Writes

Speak – Speaks

Kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf “ch, o, s, sh, x” ditambah akhiran “-es”, contohnya:

Pass - Passes

Finish - Finishes

Teach - Teaches

Go - Goes

Fix - Fixes

Kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” dan dimulai dengan huruf mati, akhiran “-y”diubah menjadi “-i” kemudian ditambah “-es”, contohnya:

Study - Studies

Carry - Carries

Cry - Cries

Sedangkan kata kerjanya berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” yang diawali dengan huruf hidup, cukup ditambah dengan akhiran “-s” saja, contohnya:

Buy - Buys

Play - Plays

Say - Says

Apabila kata kerjanya diawali dengan huruf kata kerja bantu (Modal Auxiliaries), maka tidak mendapatkan tambahan “s/es”,contohnya:

He Will work

She Can open

He Must close

Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat verbal

Menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan atau yang dilakukan pada waktu-waktu tertentu (Habitual Action), contohnya:

We study hard everyday.

She visits the library twice a month.

Menyatakan suatu kebenaran atau kenyataan umum, atau suatu kebenaran yang dianggap terjadi terus-mnerus (The General Truth), contohnya:

A year has twelve months.

The sun rises in the East.

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

+	Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?	To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :

+	I am a teacher. She is a teacher.
-	I am not a teacher. She is not a teacher.
?	Are you a teacher? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not Is she a teacher? Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not
?	What are you ? Jawaban: I am a teacher Where is your sister ? Jawaban: She is here

Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat nomial

Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini atau sekarang atau perbuatan yang merupakan suatu kebiasaan, contohnya:

I am a teacher.

They are here now.

Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum, tetapi dalam kalimat nominal ini tidak digunakan keterangan waktu, contohnya:

Ice is cold.

Fire is hot.

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Present Tense  yang digunakan adalah:

Every hour, every minute, every morning, everyday, in the morning, once a week, on Sunday, at five o’clock and so on.

Pengertian Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan waktu terjadinya persitiwa itu telah diketahui.

Simple Past Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"

TO BE 2 terdiri dari: was & were (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

CATATAN:

DID  digunakan pada kalimat tanya.

DID NOT (DIDN'T)  digunakan pada kalimat negatif.

TO BE 2 (Was & Were) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB)

VERB 2 hanya digunakan pada kalimat positif saja.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Contoh :

+	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

Pada contoh kalimat positif diatas menggunakan kata kerja bought (bentuk Verb 2 dari katabuy). Hanya pada kalimat positif saja Verb 2 digunakan.

Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat verbal

Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang telah dilakukan diwaktu lampau dan selesai pada saat itu juga atau untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada saat tertentu diwaktu lampau, contohnya:  

She finished my homework in the library yesterday.

They worked with me two months ago.

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

+	Subject + To be 2 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?	To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :

+	I was a singer 5 years ago. We were a singer 5 years ago.
-	I was not a singer 5 years ago. We were not a singer 5 years ago.
?	Were you a singer 5 years ago? Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not
?	Where were you last night? Jawaban: I was at home. Why was she absent yesterday? Jawaban: She was sick yesterday

Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat nomial

Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan diwaktu lampau tetapi tidak berlangsung lagi sekarang, contohnya:

When I was young, I worked hard

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Past Tense  yang digunakan adalah: 

yesterday, last night, last week, yesterday morning, an hour ago, two days ago, and so on.

Pengertian Simple Future Tense / Present Future Tense

Simple Future Tense atau Present Future Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang akan terjadi dimasa akan datang.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Future Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Future Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

+	Subject + WILL / SHALL + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + Verb 1 + Object
?	WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Contoh :

+	She will go to Paris tomorrow.
-	She will not (won't) go to Paris tomorrow.
?	Will she go to Paris tomorrow ? Jawaban: Yes She will, atau She, will not (won't)
?	When will she go to Paris? Who will come here?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Future Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (NON VERB)

+	Subject + WILL / SHALL + be + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + be + Non Verb + Object
?	WILL / SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?
?	Question Word + WILL/SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?

Contoh :

+	He will be alone tomorrow.
-	He will not (won't) be alone tomorrow.
?	Will he be alone tomorrow? Jawaban: Yes he will, atau No, she will not (won't)
?	When will he be in Las Vegas? Why will you be here tomorrow night?

Menggunakan "To Be Going To"

Pola kalimat verbal Simple Future Tense dapat diganti dengan kalimat yang menggunakan to be + going to untuk menggantikan shall dan will.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat menggunakan "To Be Going To"

+	Subject + To be + going to + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + To be + Not + going to + Verb 1 + Object
?	To be + Subject + going to + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be + Subject + going to + verb 1 +?

Contoh :

+	I am going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
-	I am not going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
?	Are you going to read a newspaper tomorrow?
?	What are you going to read? Who is going to come here tomorrow?

Untuk informasi selengkapnya, silahkan baca juga mengenai fungsi dan penggunaan Will and To Be Going To, semoga bermanfaat.

Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Future Tense yang digunakan adalah: 

tomorrow morning, tomorrow night, next week, next year and so on.

Pengertian Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau. Dan pada saat berbicara kegiatan/perbuatan tersebut telah selesai dilakukan.

Present Perfect Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"

TO BE 3 adalah: been (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)

I	been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

CATATAN:

TO BE 3 (been) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB).

Untuk semua jenis kalimat, baik positif, negatif, atau kalimat tanya pada Present Perfect Tensemenggunakan VERB 3.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Contoh :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes, I have, atau No, I have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + (Have/Has + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :

+	She has been here for 4 hours
-	She has not (hasn't) been here for 4 hours
?	Has she been here for 4 hours?
?	Where have you been for the last 4 hours?

Fungsi Present Perfect Tense

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang baru saja terjadi hingga hasilnya atau akibatnya dari tindakan tersebut masih dapat dilihat hingga saat dibicarakan, contohnya:

She has written a letter.

Artinya: dia sudah menulis surat.

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai pada saat yang tidak tertentu diwaktu lampau, tetapi waktu terjadi peristiwa tersebut tidak dipentingkan. Yang paling penting adalah hasil dari perbuatannya sekarang, contohnya:

She has locked the door, and now we can’t open it.

Artinya: dia sudah mengunci pintu, dan sekarang kita tidak dapat membuka pintunya.

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi tetapi waktu terjadinya persitiwa tersebut belum selesai, contohnya:

I have written this letter this week.

Artinya: Saya sudah menulis surat ini pada minggu ini (tidak tepat kapan hari/jam pebuatannya).

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan ulangan yang tidak tertentu sebelum sekarang. Pada umunya bentuk kalimat ini sering diikuti oleh before, ever, already, never, yet, contohnya:

I have heard this before.

Artinya: saya sudah mendengar ini sebelumnya.

Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi di masa lampau dan masih terjadi pada saat sekarang dan akan datang, contohnya:

I have been here since yesterday.

Artinya: saya sudah di sini sejak kemarin (dan sampai sekarang masih tetap disini/ di lokasi yg sama).

Menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang selesai dalam waktu singkat. Pada umumnya digunakan kata-kata at last, finally, just, contohnya:

I have just met him.

Artinya: saya sudah (baru saja) bertemu dia.

Keterangan waktu untuk Present Perfect Tense  yang digunakan adalah:

since yesterday, since two days ago, since last week, for three days, for three weeks, and so on.

I.                    TENSES FORMS

1.       I spend my money

a. I spent my money

b. I will spend my money

c. I have spent my money

2.       They use that one

a. They used that one

b. They will use that one

c. They have used that one

3.       We study English together

a. We studied English together

b. We will study English together

c. We have studied English together

4.       They discuss their work

a. They discussed their work

b. They will discuss their work

c. They have discussed their work

5.       They have enough time

a. They had enough time

b. They will have enough time

c. They have had enough time

6.       I do all of the lessons

a. I did all of the lessons

b. I will do all of the lessons

c. I have done all of the lessons

7.       He sits in that row

a. He sat in that row

b. He will sit in that row

c. He has sat in that row

8.       I drive my car

a. I drove my car

b. I will drive my car

c. I have driven my car

9.       She hides her money

a. She hid her money

b. She will hide her money

c. She has hidden her money

10.   We go to school

a. We went to school

b. We will go to school

c. We have gone to school

11.   He takes much time

a. He took much time

b. He will take much time

c. He has taken much time

12.   Does he eat there?

a. Did he eat there?

b. Will he eat there?

c. Has he eaten there?

13.   Do you enjoy that work?

a. Did you enjoy that work?

b. Will you enjoy that work?

c. Have you enjoyed that work?

14.   Does he write many letters?

a. Did he write many letters?

b. Will he write many letters?

c. Has he written many letters?

15.   Do you send many letters?

a. Did you send many letters?

b. Will you send many letters?

c. Have you sent many letters?

16.   Do they explain everything?

a. Did they explain everything?

b. Will they explain everything?

c. Have they explained everything?

17.   Does she attend that class?

a. Did she attend that class?

b. Will she attend that class?

c. Has she attended that class?

18.   Do you have enough time?

a. Did you have enough time?

b. Will you have enough time?

c. Have you had enough time?

19.   Do they copy the sentences?

a. Did they copy the sentences?

b. Will they copy the sentences?

c. Have they copied the sentences?

20.   Does she have much trouble?

a. Did she has much trouble?

b. Will she has much trouble?

c. Has she had much trouble?

21.   Does she do good work?

a. Did she do good work?

b. Will she do good work?

c. Has she done good work?

22.   Do the students practice?

a. Did the students practice?

b. Will the students practice?

c. Have the students practiced?

23.   I don’t stay there

a. I didn’t stay there

b. I won’t stay there

c. I haven’t stay there

24.   He doesn’t work hard

a. He didn’t work hard

b. He won’t work hard

c. He hasn’t work hard

25.   I don’t have any energy

a. I didn’t have any energy

b. I won’t have any energy

c. I haven’t had any energy

26.   He doesn’t pay his bills

a. He didn’t pay his bills

b. He won’t pay his bills

c. He hasn’t paid his bills

27.   We don’t see that fellow

a. We didn’t see that fellow

b. We won’t see that fellow

c. We haven’t seen that fellow

28.   She doesn’t use this one

a. She didn’t use this one

b. She won’t use this one

c. She hasn’t used this one

29.   They don’t remember it

a. They didn’t remember it

b. They won’t remember it

c. They haven’t remembered it

30.   I don’t do much work there

a. I didn’t do much work there

b. I won’t do much work there

c. I haven’t done much work there

31.   He doesn’t listen carefully

a. He didn’t listen carefully

b. He won’t listen carefully

c. He hasn’t listened carefully

II.                  USING IRREGULAR VERBS

1.       Mr. Harris taught English at this school for five years

Mr. Harris has taught English at this school for five years

2.       I (write) three or four letters to that company

I have written three or four letters to that company

3.       The students in this class (do) those two lessons already

The students in this class have done those two lessons already

4.       I (know) Professor Moore for more than twelve years

I have known Professor Moore for more than twelve years

5.       Richard (take) three courses in English at this school

Richard has taken three courses in English at this school

6.       These steps are dangerous. I (fall) on them several times

These steps are dangerous I have fallen on them several times

7.       Mr. Kramer (be) in the United States for three years

Mr. Kramer has been in the United States for three years

8.       The janitor (shut, already) the back door

The janitor has already shut the back door

9.       The students (read) all of the stories in that book

The students have read all of the stories in that book

10.   Marjorie (choose) a pretty dress for the party

Marjorie has chosen a pretty dress for the party

11.   I (speak) to my boss about the problem several times

I have spoken to my boss about the problem several times

12.   That tree (grow) at least five feet since last year

That tree has grown at least five feet since last year

13.   Miss King (spend) over eighteen hundred dollars since May

Miss King has spent over eighteen hundred dollars since May

14.   Mr. and Mrs. Smith (buy) a new house in North Plains

Mr. and Mrs. Smith have bought a new house in North Plains

15.   The real estate agent (sell) the Smith’s old house

The real estate agent has sold the Smith’s old house

16.   Charles (have) a bad cold for a whole week

Charles has had a bad cold for a whole week

17.   I’m sorry. I (forget) the name of that book

I’m sorry. I have forgotten the name of that book

18.   We (hear, already) that new song several times

We have already heard that new song several times

19.   Mr. Wilson isn’t here. He (go) out of town for the weekend

Mr. Wilson isn’t here. He has gone out of town for the weekend

20.   Mr. Kennedy (wear) his blue suit to the office only twice

Mr. Kennedy has worn his blue suit to the office only twice

21.   I (sit) in this same seat since the first day of classes

I have sat in this same seat since the first day of classes

22.   The money isn’t in this drawer. Someone (steal) it!

The money isn’t in this drawer. Someone has stolen it!

23.   Up to now, I (understand) every lesson in the book

Up to now, I have understood every lesson in the book

24.   We (have) absolutely no trouble with our car so far

We have had absolutely no trouble with our car so far

25.   No one (find) that girl’s purse and gloves yet

No one has found that girl’s purse and gloves yet

26.   The weather (be) very warm ever since last Thursday

The weather has been very warm ever since last Thursday

27.   Mr. Anderson and Mr. Brown (have) lunch already

Mr. Anderson and Mr. Brown have had lunch already

28.   I ( see) the Empire State Building hundreds of times

I have seen the Empire State Building hundreds of times

29.   We (speak, already) to the director and (give) him the message

We have already spoken to the director and have given him the message

30.   Grandmother (fly, never) in an airplane before

Grandmother has never flown in an airplane before

31.   You (tear) your shirt! There’s a hole in the left sleeve

You have torn your shirt! There’s a hole in the left sleeve

32.   I (read, already) the customer’s letter and (write) a reply to him

I have already read the customer’s letter and have written a reply to him

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